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19 [C] 비트와이즈 연산자

Bitwise Operators

 

C provides six operators for bit manipulation; these may only be applied to integral operands, that is, char, short, int, and long, whether signed or unsigned.

 

&       bitwise AND

|         bitwise inclusive OR

^        bitwise exclusive OR

<<      left shift

>>      right shift

~        one’s complement (unary)

 

The bitwise AND operator & is often used to mask off some set of bits; for example,

 

n = n & 0177;

 

sets to zero all but the low-order 7 bits of n.

 

The bitwise OR operator I is used to turn bits on:

 

x = x | SET_ON;

 

sets to one in x the bits that are set to one in SET_ON.

 

The bitwise exclusive OR operator ^ sets a one in each bit position where its

operands have different bits, and zero where they are the same.

 

One must distinguish the bitwise operators & and I from the logical operators && and ||, which imply left-to-right evaluation of a truth value. For example, if x is 1 and y is 2, then x & y is zero while x && y is one. (참조: https://msdn.microsoft.com/ko-kr/library/z68fx2f1.aspx)

 

The shift operators < < and > > perform left and right shifts of their left operand by the number of bit positions given by the right operand, which must be positive. Thus x < < 2 shifts the value of x left by two positions, filling vacated bits with zero; this is equivalent to multiplication by 4. Right shifting an unsigned quantity always fills vacated bits with zero. Right shifting a signed quantity will fill with sign bits (“arithmetic shift”) on some machines and with 0-bits (“logical shift”) on others.

 

The unary operator ~ yields the one’s complement of an integer; that is, it

converts each 1-bit into a 0-bit and vice versa. For example,

 

x = x & ~077

 

sets the last six bits of x to zero. Note that x & ~077 is independent of word length, and is thus preferable to, for example, x & 0177700, which assumes that x is a 16-bit quantity. The portable form involves no extra cost, since ~077 is a constant expression that can be evaluated at compile time.

 

As an illustration of some of the bit operators, consider the function getbits (x, p, n) that returns the (right adjusted) n-bit field of x that begins at position p. We assume that bit position 0 is at the right end and that n and p are sensible positive values. For example, getbits(x, 4, 3) returns the three bits in bit positions 4, 3 and 2, right adjusted.

 

/* getbits: get n bits from position p */

unsigned getbits(unsigned x, int p, int n)

{

     return (x >> (p + 1 - n)) & ~(~0 << n);

}

 

The expression x > > ( p+ 1-n ) moves the desired field to the right end of the word. ~0 is all 1-bits; shifting it left n bit positions with ~0 < < n places zeros in

the rightmost n bits; complementing that with ~ makes a mask with ones in the

rightmost n bits.

 

 

 

[The C Programming Language p.48-49]

 

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